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This glossary of industry terms is taken from several sources. The primary source is the glossary of the NSPI Financial and Operations Manual (which incorporates definitions as published in each of the NSPI Suggested Minimum Standards). Additional definitions have been added from the glossary published by NSPI Region I in 1987, for use in their manual and Hands-On-Training Institute. The glossary contains some terms which are not used in this text. They are provided for your information and because of their current acceptance in the industry.
GLOSSARY
This glossary of industry terms is taken from several sources. The primary source is the glossary of the NSPI Financial and Operations Manual (which incorporates definitions as published in each of the NSPI Suggested Minimum Standards). Additional definitions have been added from the glossary published by NSPI Region I in 1987, for use in their manual and Hands-On-Training Institute. The glossary contains some terms which are not used in this text. They are provided for your information and because of their current acceptance in the industry.
ABRASION HAZARD: A sharp or rough surface that would scrape the skin by chance during normal use.
ACCESSIBLE: Easily exposed for inspection and the replacement of materials and/or parts with the use of tools.
ACID: A compound of hydrogen plus a metal. A liquid, like hydrochloric or muriatic acid, or dry product like sodium bisulfate, is used to adjust the pH and total alkalinity of pool/spa/hot tub water. ACID DEMAND: The amount of acid required to reduce pH and alkalinity to the correct range.
ACRYLIC: A thermoplastic sheet formed into a mold to make a spa or related equipment, such as steps sections, by using vacuum pressure after it has been heated.
AGITATOR: Mechanical device to agitate the water of a pool to dislodge dirt and debris from pool walls and bottom.
AIR-BLOWER: Mechanical device that forces air through holes in floor or seat of a spa, or bubbler-ring of a hot tub, to increase water turbulence.
AIR-CONTROL: A plumbing fitting for spas and hot tubs that regulates air flow, increasing or decreasing hydrotherapy action.
AIR INDUCTION SYSTEM: A system whereby a volume of air (only) is induced into hollow ducting built into a spa floor, bench or other location. The air induction system is activated by a separate air power unit (blower).
AIR PUMP ASSIST BACKWASH: The compressing of a volume of air in the filter effluent chamber (by means of an air compressor or by the water pressure from the recirculating pump) which, when released, rapidly decompresses and forces water in the filter chamber through the elements in reverse, dislodging the filter aid and accumulated dirt, carrying it to waste.
AIR SWITCH: An air-pressure system once used for remote isolation switches. Also, a switch used by spa occupants to control pumps and air blowers.
ALGAE: Microscopic plant-like organisms that contain chlorophyll. Algae are nourished by sunlight (carrying out photosynthesis). They are introduced by rain or wind and grow in colonies producing nuisance masses. These organisms include green, blue-green or black, and yellow-green (mustard) algae. Pink/red colored algae-like organisms exist but are bacteria and not algae. There are 21,000 known species of algae.
ALGAECIDE (also spelled ALGICIDE): A natural or synthetic substance used for killing, destroying, or controlling algae.
ALGISTAT: Any substance or agent that inhibits the growth of algae.
ALKALI: A term applied to carbonates and hydroxides. See also BASE and TOTAL ALKALINITY.
ALKALINE: A condition in pool, spa or hot tub water where the water gives a reading above 7.0 on the pH scale when tested with a pH indicator. Opposite of acidic.
ALKALINITY: The amount of bicarbonate, carbonate or hydroxide compounds present in water solution. See also TOTAL ALKALINITY.
ALTERNATING CURRENT: Electric current that flows in one direction then reverses to flow in the opposite direction.
ALUM: An aluminum sulfate compound, used (for pools) to cause suspended solids in the water to congeal into filterable masses (flocculate)
ALUMINUM SULPHATE: See ALUM.
AMINO-FUNCTIONAL FLUID: Called hard surface sealant, a chemically bonded coating used for treating gel-coat spas.
AMMONIA: A chemical compound of nitrogen and hydrogen that combines with free chlorine in pool, spa or hot tub water to form chloramines. Chloramines cause eye and skin irritation and chlorine odor.
AMMONIUM ALUM: Ammonium aluminum sulfate. Used as a flocculant or coagulant in pools.
AMPERAGE: The strength of an electric (current in amperes).
AMPERE(s), AMPS: The standard unit of measuring an electric current, equal to one coulomb per second. AMPHOTERlC: A chemical compound with the capacity of serving either as an acid or base.
ANODE: A component (usually consisting of magnesium or zinc) used in steel filters to prevent galvanic action (electrolysis).
ANTHRAClTE: Hard coal.
ANTHRAFlLT: Trade name for anthracite specificaIly ground into particles of the proper size to be used in a swimming pool filter.
ANTI-FOAM AGENT: A chemical product used to rid spa or hot tub water of foam or suds.
ANTI-VORTEC DRAIN COVER: A suction fitting cover that prevents whirlpool effect caused by drain suction.
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE: A force exerted upon the earth's surface by the weight of air extending to a height of 25 miles above the earth. At sea level, the atmosphere exerts 14.7 pounds per square inch of pressure upon the earth.
ATOM: The smallest particle into which matter can be broken by ordinary means. Combines with other atoms to form molecules of chemical compounds.
AUTOMATIC POOL CLEANER: Pool maintenance system that will agitate or vacuum debris from pool interior.
AVAILABLE CHLORINE: A term used in rating chlorine containing products as to their total oxidizing power.
AVERAGE HEAD: The resistance to flow of water in a pool recirculation system obtained by averaging the maximum and minimum resistance encountered in the course of a filter run.
BACK-FILL: The repositioning of soil around installed pool or spa
BACK-PRESSURE: Water flow restriction through piping, expressed in pounds per square inch.
BACKWASH: The process of thoroughly cleansing the filter medium and/or elements by the reverse flow of water through the filter.
BACKWASH CYCLE: The time reyuired to backwash thoroughly the filter medium and/or elements and the contents of the filter vessel.
BACKWASH RATE: The rate of flow of water through a filter during the backwash cycle, normally expressed in U.S. gallons per minute per square foot of effective filter area.
BACTERIA: Single-celled microorganisms of various forms, some of w'hich can cause infections or disease.
BACTERICIDE: Any chemical which kills bacteria
BAKING SODA: See SODIUM BICARBONATE.
BALANCED WATER: Water with the correct ratio of mineral content and pH level that prevents it from becoming too acidic (corrosive) or too alkaline (causing scaling)
BALL VALVE: See VALVE.
BAND: The device for securing two halves of a filter together. See also HOOP.
BASE: A chemical which neutralizes acids, usually by furnishing hydroxyl ions.
BASE DEMAND: A measure of the amount of alkaline material required to raise pH to a predetermined level. This can be accomplished by use of a base titration procedure only (Base Demand Test).
BASICITY: The degree of alkaline nature of the water.
BATHER: Any person using a pool, spa or hot tub and adjoining deck area for the purpose of water sports, recreation therapy or related activities.
BATHER LOAD: The number of persons in the poo>/spa area at any given moment, or during any stated period of time.
BEAKER: A cup-like glass vessel used in chemistry.
BEGINNER'S AREA: Those water areas in pools which are three feet (3') or less in water depth. BLEEDER VALVE: See VALVE.
BLISTER: A bubbled defect in the surface of a gel-coat or acrylic spa Finish.
BLOWER: A device that produces a continuous rush of air to create the optimal bubbling effect in a spa.
BODY COAT: Diatomaceous earth which builds up on a filter element during the course of a filter run to help maintain filter porosity.
BODY FEED: The continuous addition of small amounts of filter aid during the operation of a diatomaceous earth filter.
BOOSTER PUMP SYSTEM: A system whereby one or more hydrojets is activated by the use of a pump which is completely independent of the filtration and heating system of a spa. Also, a device used to provide hydraulic support for certain types of equipment such as cleaning systems, gas chlorinators, and solar systems.
BOTTOM RAIL: The lower portion of the frame that guides the aboveground pool wall in place.
BREAKDOWN TORQUE: The maximum torque a motor can produce without an abrupt drop in speed.
BREAKPOINT: The point during the process of building the chlorine residual at which all combined chlorine is oxidized and only free chlorine remains to sanitize the pool, spa or hot tub water.
BREAKPOINT CHLORINATION: The addition of a sufficient amount of chlorine to water to destroy the combined chlorine present.
BRIDGING: Buildup of a body coat on diatomaceous earth filter elements to the point where the body coats of two adjacent elements touch.
BRITISH THERMAL UNIT (BTU): The amount of heat necessary to raise one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit.
BROMAMINES: Bromine-ammonia compounds exhibiting sanitizing properties similar to hypobromous acid.
BROMIDE: A salt used as a spa disinfectant or algaecide, especially the compounds sodium and potassium bromide.
BROMINE: A chemical element that exists as a liquid in its elemental form or as a part of a chemical compound which is an oxidant and a biocidal agent used to disinfect pool, spa and hot tub water.
BUFFER: A chemical such as sodium bicarbonate which, when dissolved in swimming pool water, will resist pH change.
BURETTE: A chemistry laboratory piece of glassware, a graduated tube with a valve at the bottom.
BURIAL BLOWER: A blower system for a spa installed underground to minimize noise.
CALCIFICATION: See SCALE.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: Crystaline compounds formed from calcium in the presence of high alkalinity; also called scale.
CALCIUM CHLORIDE: A soluble white salt used to raise the calcium hardness of pool, spa or hot tub water.
CALCIUM HARDNESS: The amount of dissolved calcium in pool or spa water
CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE: See HYPOCHLORITE.
CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR): A lifesaving technique involving both chest compressions to circulate blood and mouth-to-mouth breathing, to restart a non-beating heart.
CARTRIDGE: A replaceable porous element, used in one type of filtering system. Depth Type Cartridge - A filter cartridge with a medium not less than three-fourths inch (3/4") (.18 cm) thick that relies or penetration of particulates into the medium to achieve their removal and to provide adequate holding capacity for the cartridge.
Surface Type Cartridqe - A filter cartridge with a medium less than three-fourths inch (3/4") (.18 cm) thick that relies on the retention of particulates on the surface of the cartridge to achieve their removal.
CARTRIDGE FILTER: See FILTER.
CASUAL CONTACT: Contact of any body part occurring by normal use.
CEMENT: A powdered substance of lime and clay generally mixed with water to make concrete, which hardens upon drying.
CENTRIFUGAL FORCE: The outward force exhibited by anything in circular motion. The principle by which water is propelled through a circulation system by a pump impeller, which imparts circular motion to the water in a pump.
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP: A pump to circulate water using a shaft-mounted impeller, powered by an electric motor or gasoline engine. The centrifugal force of the spinning impeller creates the flow through the pump. CFM: Cubic feet per minute (of air).
CHECK VALVE: See VALVES.
CHELATE: A specially formulated compound to tie up iron, copper or calcium carbonates to prevent staining or scaling. See also SEQUESTERING AGENT.
CHEMICAL FEEDER: A mechanical device for applying chemicals to pool, spa and hot tub water.
CHINE JOIST: A brace that provides support to the floor of a hot tub.
CHLORAMINE: A compound formed when chlorine comboines with nitrogen or ammonia which causes eye and skin irritation and has a strong, objectiorable odor.
CHLORINATOR: A device to apply or to deliver a chlorine disinfectant to water at a controlled rate.
CHLORINE: A chemical element that exists as a gas in its elemental form or as a part of a chemical compound which is an oxidant and a biocidal agent used in pool, spa and hot tub water disinfection. See also HYPOCHLORITE.
CHLORINE DEMAND: The amount of chlorine necessary to destroy germs, algae and other impurities in the water. "Demand" refers to the amount required before chlorine can be made available to continue sanitizing the pool, spa or hot tub water.
CHLORINE GENERATOR: Equipment that generates chlorine, hypochlorous acid, or hypochlorite on site for disinfection and oxidation of water contaminants.
CHLORINE NEUTRALIZER: Most commonly, sodium-thiosulfate, used to neutralize excessive chlorine in test water to obtain accurate pH and total alkalinity readings.
CHLORINE RESIDUAL: The amount of measurable chlorine remaining after treating water with chlorine, when part is used up in disinfecting and oxidizing contaminants. Also explained as the chlorine level after chlorine demand has been satisfied. Total chlorine residual means the free available chlorine residual plus the combined chlorine residual. Free residual is a much more effective disinfectant than combined residual.
CHLORINATED ISOCYAIIURATE: Chlorine and cyanuric acid compound used to maintain chlorine level in pool water and prevent chlorine from dissipating in sunlight.
CIRCUIT BREAKER: A device designed to open and close an electrical circuit manually, and to open a circuit automatically at a pre-determined overcurrent level, thus providing protection to the wiring supplying an appliance.
CLARITY: The degree of transparency of pool, spa or hot tub water.
COAGULATE: To collect, via a chemical compound, suspended matter in pool/spa/hot tub water.
COAGULANT: A chemical used in pools, spas and hot tubs for the purpose of gathering and precipitating suspended matter.
COLD CRACK: The temperature at which a vinyl liner material will physically crack when folded 180ø on itself.
COLIFORM BACTERIA: Bacteria found in the intestines and fecal matter of warm-blooded animals. The detection of coliforms is used to indicate the possibility of disease-causing bacteria.
COLIFORM BACTERIA INDICATOR: Non-pathogenic bacteria used to detect the presence of pathogenic organisms in water.
COMBINED CHLORINE: The portion of the total chlorine existing in water in chemical combination with ammonia, nitrogen, and/or organic compounds; mostly comprised of chloramines.
COMMERCIAL INSTALLATION (SPAS): A spa system which runs continuously, such as one designed for public use.
COMPETITIVE DIVING EQUlPMENT: Shall consist of competitive diving boards and fulcrum-setting diving stands intended to provide adjustment for competitive diving. See also MANUFACTURED DlVING EQUlPMENT.
CONCRETE: A mixture of cement, sand and gravel.
CONDITIONER: See CYANURlC ACID
CONDITIONED WATER: Water treated with cyanuric acid or chlorinated isocyanurate to prevent chlorine from dissipating in sunlight.
CONDUCTOR: Material, such as copper and aluminum, through which electricity flows from the source to the load.
CONTACT CONCENTRATION: The concentration of a chemical in a flow of water. This concentration depends on the rate of addition, the flow rate of the water, and the efficiency of the mixing. It is calculated using the equation (assumes complete mixing): Amount of Chemical (qrams/hour) Water Flow Rate (gal./min.) X 4.41 = Contact Concentration (ppm)
CONTAMINATED: Impure. Can refer to the presence of harmful microorganisms on any other unwanted matter in pool, spa or hot tub water.
COPING: The cap on the pool or spa wall that
provides a finishing edge around the pool or spa. Can be formed,
cast in place or pre-cast, or pre-fabricated of extruded aluminum
or rigid-vinyl. It may be used
as part of the system that secures a vinyl liner to the top of
the pool wall.
CORROSION: The etching, pitting, or eating away of a material by chemical action.
COUPLING: A plumbing fitting used to join two pipes together as a sleeve.
COVERS: Hard top cover - a cover used on pools, spas or tubs that rests on the lip of the pool or spa deck, not a flotation cover, used as a barrier to bathers, for maintenance and thermal protection.
CRESOL RED: A pH indicator reagent that covers a pH range of 8.2 - 8.8
CROSS CONNECTION: An unprotected connection between a domestic water supply and pool water, or other non-potable water, where a contamination of the domestic system could occur.
CROZE: The milled grooves in the stave of a wooden hot tub that accommodate the floor boards.
CYANURIC ACID: Also called STABILIZER, ISOCYANURIC ACID, CONDITIONER, and TRIAZINETRIONE - A chemical that helps reduce the excess loss of chlorine in water due to the ultraviolet rays of the sun.
DEALER: A business person who sells to the consumer.
DECKS: Those areas immediately adjacent to a pool, spa or hot tub that are specifically constructed or installed for use by bathers for sitting, standing, or walking.
DEEP AREAS: Portions of a pool/spa/hot tub having water depths in excess of five feet (5') (1.42 m).
DESIGN RATE OF FLOW: The average rate of flow used for design calculations in a system. Usually refers to gallons per minute per square foot of filter surface area.
DIATOMACEOUS EARTH: (DE) The filtering medium of a diatomaceous earth filter. DE is composed of microscopic fossil skeletons of the "diatom," a tiny freshwater marine plankton.
DIATOMACEOUS EARTH FILTER: A filter designed to use diatomaceous earth or volcanic ash as a filter medium. See also FILTER.
DIATOMITE OR DE: Shortened name for diatomaceous earth.
DIFFUSER: A device whose function is to reduce the velocity and increase static pressure of a fluid passing through a system.
DIRECT CURRENT: Electric current flowing in one direction, from positive to negative, at a constant, unvarying pressure or voltage.
DISINFECTANT: Application of energy or chemicals to kill undesirable or pathogenic (disease-causing) organisms, and having a measurable residual at a level adequate to make the desired kill.
DISTRIBUTOR: A wholesaler who buys in bulk from manufacturers and then sells the products to dealer or installers.
DIVING BOARD: A recreational mechanism for entering a swimming pool, consisting of a semirigid board that derives its elasticity through the use of a fulcrum mounted below the board.
DIVING PLATFORM: Usually used for the standard 5-meter and 10-meter official diving platform. See also STATIONARY DIVING PLATFORM.
DIVING STAND: Any stand or supporting device for a springboard or diving board
DIVING TOWER: This term is usually used for the 3-meter (10 ft.) springboard support.
DOWNWASH: A process of filtering water to waste after backwashing to ensure that all pipes in the system are free of debris before beginning a filter run.
DPD (DIETHYL-P-PHENYLENE DIAMINE): A reagent and test method that specifically measures the free available and total chlorine; produces a series of colors from pale pink to dark red.
DRAIN: A plumbing fitting installed on the suction side of the pump in pools, spas and hot tubs.
DRY ACID: A granular material, sodium bisulfate, used to lower total alkalinity of pH in pool, spa or hot tub water.
DRY NICHE: A normal weatherproof fixture placed in an opening behind a pool or spa wall which illuminates the pool or spa through a watertight window in the wall.
EDGE GUARDS: Shields designed to cover sharp edges in aboveground swimming pools.
EFFECTIVE FILTER AREA: Total surface area through which designed flow rate will be maintained during filtration.
EFFLUENT: The water that flows out of a filter (or other device).
ELBOW: ell. A plumbing fitting shaped at a 90 or a 45 degree angle, usually made of plastic or metal.
ELECTRICITY: The flow of electrons through a conductor.
ELECTROLYSIS: Flow of electric current through acidic liquid or damp earth, corrodes metals.
ELECTROMAGNET: A core of magnetic material surrounded by a coil of wire through which an electric current is passed to magnetize the core.
ELECTROMOTIVE-FORCE: The electrical potential of a source to do work; also referred to as potential and/or voltage.
ELECTRON: An elementary or minute particle of negatively charged electricity.
ENERGY: The amount of electricity consumed when power is used over a period of time, measured in kilowatt-hours.
EQUALlZER LINE: A line from below the pool surface to the body of a skimmer, designed to prevent air being drawn into the filter when the water level drops below the skimmer inlet.
EXPANSIVE SOIL: Heavy clay soil that absorbs moisture and swells.
EXPOSED-AGGREGATE CONCRETE: A poured deck material in which gravel in the concrete is left exposed on the surface.
FACE PIPING: The piping, with all valves and fittings, which is used to connect the filter system as a unit.
FACTOR OF SAFETY: The ultimate load divided by the safe load or the ultimate strength divided by the allowable stress.
FEET OF HEAD: A basis for indicating the resistance in a hydraulic system, equivalent to the height of a column of water that would cause the same resistance (100 feet of head equals 43 pounds per square inch).
FEET OF LIQUlD: Term used to express the energy value of pressure in a liquid, e.g. 20 feet of liquid expresses the amount of pressure contained in a column of water 20 feet high.
FERRIC IRON: Compounds of iron which are insoluble in water and will precipitate.
FERROUS IRON: Compounds of iron which are soluble in water and will impart a clear green color.
FIBERGLASS: Finespun filaments of glass, which are available in a rope or mat form. When used in a process with polyester resins and hardeners, cao be formed and molded into pools, spas and related equipment.
FILTER: A device that removes undissolved particles from water by recirculating the water through a porous substance (a filter medium or element).
FILTER AGITATION: The mechanical or manual movement to dislodge the filter aid and dirt from the filter element.
FILTER AID: Usually refers to powder-like substances such as diatomaceous earth or volcanic ash used to coat a septum type filter. Can also be used as an aid to sand filters.
FILTER CARTRIDGE: A disposable element, usually of fibrous material, used as a filter septum in some pool filters.
FILTER CYCLE: The operating time between cleaning or backwash cycles.
FILTER ELEMENT: A device within a filter tank designed to entrap solids and conduct water to a manifold, collection header, pipe, or similar conduit and return it to the pool, spa or hot tub. A filter element usually consists of a septum and septum support, or a cartridge.
FILTER MEDIUM: A finely graded material (such as sand, diatomaceous earth, polyester fabric, anthraiite, etc.) that removes filterable particles from the water.
FILTER ROCK: Graded, rounded rock and/or gravel used to support the filter medium.
FILTER SAND: A type of filter medium composed of hard, sharp silica, quartz or simiiar particles with yroper grading for size and uniformity.
FILTER SEPTUM: See SEPTUM.
FILTER, VACUUM (or SUCTlON): A filter that operates under a vacuum from the suction of a pump
FILTRATION FLOW: The design rate of flow, in volume per time (gpm, gph), through the filter system installed per manufacturer's instructions with a new, clean filter medium.
FILTRATION RATE: The rate of filtration of water through a filter during the filter cycle expressed in U.S. gallons per minute per square foot of effective filter area.
FLOC: A gel-like substance formed when a coagulant, usually alum, is combined with suspended alkaline matter in pool water.
FLOCCULATING AGENT (FLOCCULANT): A chemical substance or compound (such as alum) that promotes the combination, agglomeration, or coagulation of suspended particles in water.
FLOOR: Shall refer to the interior bottom surface of a pool, spa or hot tub, ranging from a horizontal plane up to a maximum of a 45 degree slope.
FLOOR SLOPE: The slope in the pool floor, usually expressed in feet or inches of vertical rise per feet or inches of horizontal distance.
FLOW METER: A device mounted on the circulation plumbing to determine the gallons per minute flow through the system.
FLOW RATE: The volume of liquid flowing past a given point in a specified time period. It is usually expressed as U.S. gallons per minute (gpm) or gallons per hour (gph). See also FILTRATION FLOW and FILTRATION RATE.
FOOT BATH: In a commercial installation, shallow water area between bathhouse showers and pool/spa deck through which patrons must walk. Originally designed to contain a disinfectant solution for control of athlete's foot. Because it was proved to be ineffective, the foot bath has been either eliminated or modified to contain a continuous flow of clean water.
FOOT SPRAY: A device for spraying bathers' feet with water or a disinfectant. Usually a shower head at knee height to rinse sand and grass from feet before entry.
FRAME: That structure that defines and/or supports the outline or shape of the aboveground pool wall.
FREE AVAILABLE CHLORINE: That portion of the total chlorine remaining in chlorinated water that is not combined with ammonia or nitrogen compounds and will react chemically with undesirable or pathogenic organisms.
FREEBOARD: The clear vertical distance between the top of the filter medium and the lowest outlet of the upper distribution system in a permanent medium filter.
FREE CHLORINE: See FREE AVAILABLE CHLORINE
FREQUENCY: The number of times alternating current makes a complete reversal or cycle per second, measured in hertz.
FRICTION (WATER): Resistance created by the surface of the liquid rubbing against the inner surface of the conductor pipe and fittings.
FRICTION HEAD: Friction head loss is the equivalent head required to overcome energy dissipated through heat generated by friction. This loss of energy is expressed as feet of head.
GALVANIC ACTION: The creation of electrical current by the process of electro-chemical action in a liquid.
GALVANIC CORROSION: The detetioration of metal produced when two dissimilar metals are exposed to the electrical current produced by electro-chemical action.
GATE VALVE: See VALVE.
GAZEBO: A free-standing, traditional garden structure usually made of wood and having a solid or open roof and open latticed sides.
GELCOAT: A colored polyester-resin material applied in liquid form which hardens to a smooth, durable form when applied over a mold. Pools and spas and related equipment can have a gelcoat finish.
GPD: Gallons per day.
GPH: Gallons per hour.
GPM: Gallons,per minute.
GRAB RAIL: Tubular rails used to enter or leave a pool or spa, usually made of stainless steel or chrome-plated brass. See also HANDHOLD/HANDRAIL.
GROUND-FAULT CIRCUIT-INTERRUPTER: A device intended for the protection of personnel that functions to de-energize an electrical circuit within an established period of time (1/40th of a second (.025)) when current to ground exceeds some pre-determined value (5/1000th of an ampere [.005]).
GUNITE - SHOTCRETE: A mixture of cement and sand, sprayed onto contoured and supported surfaces to build a pool. In practice, these items are used interchangeably. However, gunite refers to a dry mixture, while shotcrete is premixed and pumped wet to the construction site.
GUTTER: Overflow trough at edge of pool.
HALOGEN: Any of the active chemical elements fluorine, chlorrne, bromine and iodine.
HANDHOLD/HANDRAIL: A device that can be gripped by a bather for the purpose of resting and/or steadying him/herself. It is not limited to but may be located within or without the pool, spa or hot tub, or as part of a set of steps or deck-installed equipment.
HARDNESS: The amount of calcium and magnesium dissolved in water; measured by a test kit and expressed as parts per million (ppm) of equivalent calcium carbonate.
HEAD: A term expressing energy manifesting itself as pressure in a liquid that is proportional to the depth of the liquid.
HEAD LOSS: Flow resistance of water, expressed in feet. Head loss is determined by pipe diameter, lengtl of yipe run, number of elbows in the system, and diiference in elevation.
HEATER: A fossil-fueled, electric or solar device to heat the water in a pool, spa or hot tub.
HEAT EXCHANGER: A device with coils, tubes or plates that takes heat from any fluid, liquid or air, and transfers that heat to another fluid without intermixing the fluids.
HEAT PUMP: A refrigeration compressor usually electrically driven, that is operated in reverse. To obtain heat, the evaporator side (cooling coil) is exposed to water, air or ground. The coil takes the heat from this source and transfers it to the condenser coil where it discharges the heat to the pool or spa to be heated.
HERTZ: The measure of the frequency of alternating current. One hertz means one cycle per second.
HORSEPOWER: Work done per unit of time, one horsepower equals 33,000 ft lbs of work per minute.
HOOP: A circumferential constraint that prohibits the staves of a hot tub from separating. Also, device used to secure two halves of a fulter together. See BAND.
HOOP CONNECTOR: A tightening and connecting device.
HOT TUB: A spa constructed or wood with sides and bottom formed separately; and the whole shaped to join together by pressure from the surrounding hoops, bardas or rods; as distinct from spa units formed of plastic, concrete metal or other materials.
HYDROCHLORIC ACID: HCI Also called muriatic acid when diluted. A very strong acid used in pools for pH control and for certain specific cleaning needs. A by-product of the addition of chlorine gas to water. Use extreme caution in handling. See also MURIATIC ACID.
HYDROGEN: The lightest chemical element. A component of water and a frequent product of many chemical reactions. In its ionic form in solution it is used as a measure of acidity and pH.
HYDROGEN ION: The positively charged nucleus of a hydrogen atom. Its presence in water solution is used as a measure of acidity of the solution.
HYDROJET: A fitting that blends air and water creating a high-velocity, turbulent stream of air-enriched water.
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE: The upward pressure of a liquid, commonly ground water, creating an upward pressure on the bottom of an empty pool or spa.
HYDROTHERAPY SPA or HOT TUB: A unit that may have a therapeutic use but which is not drained, cleaned or refilled for each individual. It may include, but not be limited to, hydrojet circulation, hot water, cold water mineral baths, air induction bubbles, or any combination thereof. Industry terminology for a spa includes, but is not limited to, "therapeutic pool," "hydrotherapy pool," "whirlpool," "hot spa," etc. This standard excludes facilities used or under the direct supervision and control of licensed medical personnel.
HYDROSTATIC RELIEF VALVE: A fitting installed in the bottom of a main drain design%d to open automatically or manually to relieve upward ground water pressure by allowing water to flow into the pool or spa.
HYDROXYL ION: A negatively charged particle composed of one hydrogen atom and one oxygen atom.
HYPOBROMOUS ACID: The most powerful disinfecting form of bromine in water
HYPOCHLORINATOR: A chemical feeder through which liquid solutions of chlorine-bearing chemicals are fed into the pool water at a controllable rate. Types of hypcchlorinators include: positive displacement, which are usually motor driven; aspirator, which work off a pressure difference in the hydraulic system; and metering, which are connected to the pump suction and use a timing mechanism.
HYPOCHLORITE: A family of chemical compounds including CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE, LITHIUM HYPOCHLORITE, SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE, etc., found in various forms for use as a chlorine carrier in pools, spas and hot tubs.
HYPOCHLOROUS ACID: The most powerful disinfecting form of chlorine in water.
IMPELLER: The rotating vanes of a centrifugal pump; its action creates the flow of the pump.
INDUCTION: The process by which an object having electrical or magnetical properties produces similar properties in a nearby object, usually without direct contact.
INERTIA: The tendency of all matter to persist in its state of rest or uniform motion until acted upon by some external force.
INFLUENT: The water entering a filter or other device.
INLET: A fitting also called a hydrotherapy inlet, which allows water to enter a spa.
IODINE: A chemical element that exists as a grayish-black granule in its normal state, or as a part of a chemical compound, which is a biocidal agent used to disinfect pool, spa and hot tub water. The spa disinfectant is in the form of liquid iodine and in iodide compounds. Chlorine used with iodides releases element iodine.
JET: See HYDROJFT.
JOIST: See CHINE JOIST
JUMP BOARD: A mechanism that has a coil spring, leaf spring or comparable device located beneath the board which is activated by the force exerted in jumping on the board.
KILOWATT: A unit of electrical power, equal to 1,000 watts
KILOWATT HOUR: A measurement used for pricing electricity. one kilowatt hour equals 3,412 BTU.
KINETIC ENERGY: Energy of movement imparted into a liquid by the action of the impeller vanes, thus causing the liquid to flow out of the pump casing and away from the impeller.
LADDERS: Double Access Ladder - A ladder that straddles the pool wall of an aboveground pool and provides pool ingress and egress. In-Pool, Spa or Hot Tub Ladder - A ladder located in a pool, spa or hot tub to provide ingress and egress from the deck. Limited Access Ladder - Any ladder with provision for making entry inaccessible when a pool, spa or hot tub is not in use (i.e., swing-up, slide-up or equivalent). Portable Ladder - Any ladder that is intended to be removed easily when a pool, spa or hot tub is not in use.
LANGLIER INDEX: See SATURATION INDEX.
LEACHING: The extracting of a soluble substance from some material, commonly tannic acid from a species of wood (such as redwood or cedar in hot tubs), or a mineral extracted from plaster.
LEAF SKIMMER: See SKIMMER.
LIFELINE: A rope and float line across a pool to designate a change in slope in the bottom or the beginniig of deep water. Usually supported by regularly spaced floats
LINER: See VINYL LlNER.
LINT STRAINER: A device attached onto the front of a pump to which the influent line (suction line) is cornected for the purpose of entrapping lint, hair and other debris that could damage the pump.
LIQUID ACID: Chemicals used to reduce pH and total alkalinity in pool, spa and hot tub water. Most common types are muriatic and sulfuric acids.
LIQUID CHLORINE: In swimming pool terminology, sodium hypochlorite solutions (NaOCl) are known as liquid chlorine.
LITHIUM HYPOCHLORITE: (LiOCl) See HYPOCHLORITE and INORGANIC CHLORINE
LOCKED ROTOR TORQUE: Starting torque developed by a motor.
LOGARITHM: A mathematical term. The number which represents the power to which a given number must be raised to obtain another number. In chemical usage, the power to which 10 must be raised to equal the reciprocal of the hydrogen ion concentration of the pool water. It is represented by the term pH.
LOWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (Underdrain): Those devices used in the bottom of a permanent medium filter to collect the water during filtering and distribute the water during backwashing.
LUG: The fastening mechanism that joins the ends of the hoop or band that surround a hot tub.
MAGNET: A body having the property of attracting iron and producing a magnetic field external to itself, something that attracts.
MAGNETIC FIELD: The portion of space near a magnetic body or a current carrying body in which the forces due to the body or current can be detected.
MAGNETIC FLUX: Lines of force representing magnetic induction
MAGNETISM: A phenomenon that includes the attraction for iron, exhibited by both magnets and electric currents and characterized by fields of force.
MAGNETITE: (Fe3) A mineral (FE3O4)that is an oxide of iron.
MAGNESIUM HARDNESS: A measure of the magnesium level "dissolved" in water
MAIN DRAIN: An outlet located at the bottom of a pool or spa to conduct water to the recirculating pump.
MAKE-UP WATER: Fresh water used to fill or refill the pool, spa or hot tub. See also SOURCE WATER.
MANOMETER: An instrument which measures pressure differential across an orifice by means of a column of liquid, usually mercury. In pools, usually calibrated to show rate or flow of water in gallons per minute.
MANUFACTURED DIVING EQUIPMENT: Manufactured diving equipment shall include diving boards, jump boards, spring boards and starting platforms. Architectural features such as decorative rocks and elevated bond beams are not considered to be manufactured diving equipment.
MANUFACTURER: A builder or assembler of a product
MARBLITE: See PLASTER.
MARCITE: White plaster finish coat anywhere from one-eighth to one-half inch (1/8" - 1/2") thick applied to the cement or gunite.
MECHANICAL SEAL: A device to prevent the passage of water in or out of a centrifugal pump.
MICRON: One millionth of a meter. Used to describe the size of particles that filters are capable of trapping.
MICROORGANISM: A microscopic plant or animal. MOLECULE: The smallest Particle to which a chemical compound can be reduced without destroymg it: chemical composition.
MOTOR: A machine for converting electrical energy into mechanical energy. When elec:ricil current is supplied to a series of wires (windings), a magnetic field is created which spins the rotor and shaft io drive a pumps impeller.
MULTIPLE FILTER-CONTROL VALVE: A multiport valve having a number of control positions for various filter operations that combines in one unit the function of two or more single valves.
MULTI-PORT VALVE: See VALVE.
MURIATIC ACID (HYDROCHLORIC ACID): Used to lower pH and/or total alkalinity rn pool, spa and hot tub water.
NATIONAL SANITATION FOUNDATION: An independent, nonprofit organization of scientists, engineers, educators and others engaged in research and testing and in the development of standards in selected public health and environmental areas.
NATIONAL SPA AND POOL INSTITUTE: The NSPI is a member-supported, nonprofit trade association serving the swimming pool, spa and hot tub industry, representing over 4,200 member firms in all segments of the industry: manufacturing, distribution, construction, retail sales and service.
NATIONAL SWIMMING POOL FOUNDATION: NSPF A nonprofit organization dedicated to research and education in aquatic safety.
NATIONAL SWIMMING POOL INSTITUTE: See NATIONAL SPA AND POOL INSTITUTE. The name was changed in 1980 to the National Spa and Pool Institute to represent fairly the spa segment of the industry.
NEUTRALIZER: See CHLORINE NEUTRALIZER:
NITROGEN: N An element introduced into the pcol or spa via perspiration, hair spray, cosmetics, etc. Easily combines with chlorine to form irritating chloramines.
NONSWIMMING AREA: Any portion of a pool where water depth, offset leages, or similar irregularities would prevent normal sw'imming activities.
OEM: Original equipment manufacturer.
OHM: A unit of measure of electrical resistance. See OHM'S LAW
OHM'S LAW: An electrical relation between volts, amperes and ohms, which can be expressed as follows:
amps = volts/ohms, OR current = voltage/resistance, OR I = E/R
ORGANIC CHLORINE: Any source of active chlorine that is part of an organic molecule. An organic chemical is any chemical that contains carbon and hydrogen atoms. The important pool organic chlorine sources are two: sodium dichloro-iso-cyanurate (also known as sodium dichloro-s-(also known as sodium trichloro-s-triazinetrione) in compressed form).
ORGANIC MATTER: Perspiration, urine, saliva, suntan oil, cosmetics, lotions, dead skin, and similar debris introduced to water by swimmers, bathers, and the environment.
ORGANISMS: Plant or animal life. Usually refers to algae or bacteria-like growth in pool water.
ORIFICE: An opening, usually carefully calibrated in size, through which water flows.
ORIFICE PLATE: A disc, placed in a waterflow line, with a concentric, sharp-edged circular opening in the center which creates a differential pressure to measure flow and to operate feeders and instruments or other hydraulic equipment.
ORTHOTOLIDINE: OTO A colorless reagent that reacts with chlorine to produce a series of yellow-to-orange colors which indicate the amount of chlorine in water. Effectively measures total chlorine
OTO: See ORTHOTOLIDINE.
OUTLET: The aperture or fitting through which the water under suction is drawn from the pool, spa or hot tub.
OVERFLOW GUTTER: The gutter around the top perimeter of the pool/spa which is used to skim the surface of the water and carry off the waste or collect it for return to the filters. Sometimes incorrectly referred to as a "scum gutter" or "spit trough."
OVERFLOW SYSTEM: Refers to removal of pool/spa/hot tub surface water through the use of overflows, surface skimmers, and surface water collection systems of various design and manufacture.
OVERFLOW TROUGH: Trough around the top perimeter of a pool/spa. Used to skim the surface of the water to carry off water waste or to filters. Also called "scum gutter."
OXALIC ACID: A poisonous, mild organic acid used specifically to dissolve iron rust stains on pool walls and floors or from filter septa.
OXIDATION: A process periodically used to remove organic compunds (irritants) chemically from pool, spa and hot tub water. Oxidation is also the process of rust or corrosion that occurs to metal during the weathering process.
OXIDIZERS: Products used to burn organic waste out of pool/spa/hot tub water.
OZONE: A gaseous molecule composed of three atoms of oxygen that is generated on site and used for oxidation of water contaminants.
OZONE, LOW OUTPUT GENERATING EQUIPMENT: Refers to units which will produce ozone in air at a concentration less than 500 ppm. Usually this term will refer to ultraviolet (UV) generators.
PATENTED: Protected against copy by Federal law. The unique features of a product protected by patent law are also protected while products are in the patent process.
PERMANENT MAGNET: A body that permanently retains the property of attracting iron and producing a magnetic field external to itself.
pH, pH SCALE: A value expressing the relative acidity or basicity of a substance, such as water, as indicated by the hydrogen ion concentration. pH is expressed as a number on the scale of 0 to 14, 0 being most acidic, I to 7 being acidic, 7 being neutral, 7 to 14 being alkaline and 14 being most alkaline.
PHENOL RED: A dye that is used to measure pH.
pH METER: An instrument that measures pH by electrical conductivity across a membrane of an electrode.
pH OF SATURATION: The ideal pH for perfect water balance with relation to a particular Total Alkalinity Level and a particular Calcium Hardness Level (temperature in the 70-90ø F range and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) of less than 2,000 ppm).
PLASTER: A type of interior finish (a mixture of white cement and white marble dust, which can be tinted or colored) which is applied to a concrete pool or spa. Also called Marcite or Marblite.
POLARITY: Either of two parts where opposite forces are strongest.
POOLS:
Residential pools shall be further classified into ty‡es as an indication of the suitibility of a pool for use with diving equipment.
Type 0: Any residential pool where th installation of diving equipment is prohibited.
Type 1-V: Residential pools suitable for the installation of diving equipment by type. Diving equipment classified at a higher type may not be used on a pool of lesser type (i.e., Type III equipment on a Type 11 pool).
Other pools, such as those operated for medical treatment, therapy, exercise, lap swimming, recreational play, and other special purposes are not intended to be covered within the scope of these standards.
Class A: Competition Pool - Any pool intended for use for accredited competitive aquitic events such as a Federation Internationale De Natation Ametuer (FINA), U.S. Diving, National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), National
Federation of State High School Associations (NFSHSA), etc. The pool may also be used for recreation.
Class B: Public Pool - Any pool intended for public recreational use.
Class C: Semi-Public Pool - Any pool operated solely for and in conjunction with lodgings such as hotels, motels, apartments, condominiums, etc.
Class D: Other Pool - Any pool operated for medical treatment, therapy, exercise, lap swimming, recreational play, and other special purposes, including, but not limited to, wave or surf action pools, activity pools, splah pools, kiddie pools and play
areas. These pools are not intended to be covered within the scope of these standards.
Public pools may be diving or nondiving. If diving, they shall be further classified into types as an indication of the suitability of a pool for use with diving equipment.
Type VI through Type XI: Public pools suitable for the installation of diving equipment by type. Diving equipment classified at a higher type may not be used on a pool of lesser type (i.e., Type VIII equipment on a Type VI pool).
Type N: A non-diving public pool (no diving allowed)
POTABLE WATER: Any water, such as an approved domestic water supply, which is bacteriologically safe and otherwise suitable for drinking.
POTASSIUM ALUM: Sometimes used as flocculent in sand filter operation.
POWER FORMULA: Power in watts = volts x amperes (P = EI). See also OHM'S LAW.
PPM: An abbreviation for PARTS PER MILLION. The unit of measurement used in chemical testing which indicates the parts by weight in relation to one million parts by weight of water. It is essentially identical to the term milligrams per liter (mg/L).
PRECIPITATE: A solid material which is forced out of a solution by some chemical reaction and which may settle out or remain as a haze in suspension (turbidity).
PRE-COAT: The coating of filter aid on the septum of a diatomaceous earth filter at the beginning of each filter cycle.
PRE-COAT FEEDER: A chemical feeder designed to inject diatomaceous earth into a filter in sufficient quantity to coat the filter septum at the start of a filter run.
PRECIPITATE: Insoluble compound formed when chlorine or alum added to pool water reacts with other chemicals or minerals.
PRESSURE: A form of energy in a liquid proportional to the depth of a column of liquid. It is expressed as pounds per square inch, feet of liquid or feet of head.
PRESSURE CHECK: A test for the rate of water flow; also a test for leaks in a system.
PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL: The difference in pressure between two parts of a hydraulic system, such as the influent and effluent of a filter.
PRESSURE GAUGE: A gauge that measures the amount of pressure built up within a closed container, such as a filter.
PRIMARY STRUCTURAL MEMBERS: Any part of the aboveground pool structure that carries or retains any static load or stress caused by water pressure, surcharge and/or natural forces, and for reasonable foreseeable use.
PRIMING: A term used to define re-establishing the water flow by the recirculating pump.
PROTON: An elementary particle of positively charged electricity.
PSI: An abbreviation for pounds per square inch. See FEET OF HEAD.
PULL UP TORQUE: The maximum torque available when a motor is accelerating from standstill to a full load.
PUMP: A mechanical device, usually powered by an electric motor, which causes hydraulic flow and pressure for the purpose of filtration, heating, and circulation of pool and spa water. Typically, a centrifugal pump design is used for pools, spas and hot tubs.
PUMP CAPACITY: The volume of liquid a pump is capable of moving during a specified period of time against a given total head.
PUMP CURVE: A graph of performance characteristics of a given pump under varying power, flow and resistance factors. Used in checking and choosing a pump.
PUMP STRAINER: A device, placed on the suction side of a pump, which contains a removable strainer basket designed to trap debris in the waterflow with a minimum of flow restriction. Sometimes referred to as a "hair and lint trap."
PVC PIPE, FLEXIBLE: Flexible polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pioe used in spa installations Non-flexible PVC pipe is alsr available for plumbing.
QUATERNARY AMMONIUM (also QUATS): Compounds of ammonia used as algaecides and germicides.
RATE OF FLOW: The quantity of water flowing past a designated point within a specified time, such as the number of gallons flowing in one minute (GPM)
RATE OF FLOW INDICATOR - FLOWMETER: A device that measures pressure differential across a calibrated orifice and indicates the rate of flow at that point. Usually in GPM
REAGENTS: The chemical agent or indicators used to test various aspects of water quality.
RE-BAR: See RE-ROD.
RECIRCULALING SYSTEM: A system composed of piping, filters and pumps permr rng water to be taken from the pool, spa or hot tub, filtered and returned to the pool, spa or hot tub.
REHABILITATION: The activity of restoring all or part of a pool/spa/hot tub structure, and its component parts, into good condition, including the rebuilding and/or replacing of worn and broken parts of components.
REMOTE SWITCH: Any switching system used to activate an apparatus from a distance.
REMOVABLE: Capable of being disassembled with the use of only simple tools such as a screwdriver, pliers or wrench.
RE-ROD: Reinforcing steel rods used in concrete construction of pools and spas. Also known as re-bar.
RESIDENTIAL: For home use (intermittent operation) instead of public use (continuous operation).
RESIDUAL: Usually refers to chlorine residual, or the amount of measurable chlorine remaining after treating water with chlorine. Free residual differs frrm combined residual in that it is not combined with
PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL: The difference in pressure between two parts of a hydraulic system, such as the influent and effluent of a filter.
PRESSURE GAUGE: A gauge that measures the amount of pressure built up within a closed container, such as a filter.
PRIMARY STRUCTURAL MEMBERS: Any part of the aboveground pool structure that carries or retains any static load or stress caused by water pressure, surcharge and/or natural forces, and for reasonable foreseeable use.
PRIMING: A term used to define re-establishing the water flow by the recirculating pump.
PROTON: An elementary particle of positively charged electricity.
PSI: An abbreviation for pounds per square inch. See FEET OF HEAD.
PULL UP TORQUE: The maximum torque available when a motor is accelerating from standstill to a full load.
PUMP: A mechanical device, usually powered by an electric motor, which causes hydraulic flow and pressure for the purpose of filtration, heating, and circulation of pool and spa water. Typically, a centrifugal pump design is used for pools, spas and hot tubs.
PUMP CAPACITY: The volume of liquid a pump is capable of moving during a specified period of time against a given total head.
PUMP CURVE: A graph of performance characteristics of a given pump under varying power, flow and resistance factors. Used in checking and choosing a pump.
PUMP STRAINER: A device, placed on the suction side of a pump, which contains a removable strainer basket designed to trap debris in the waterflow with a minimum of flow restriction. Sometimes referred to as a "hair and lint trap."
PVC PIPE, FLEXIBLE: Flexible polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pioe used in spa installations Non-flexible PVC pipe is alsr available for plumbing.
QUATERNARY AMMONIUM (also QUATS): Compounds of ammonia used as algaecides and germicides.
RATE OF FLOW: The quantity of water flowing past a designated point within a specified time, such as the number of gallons flowing in one minute (GPM)
RATE OF FLOW INDICATOR - FLOWMETER: A device that measures pressure differential across a calibrated orifice and indicates the rate of flow at that point. Usually in GPM
REAGENTS: The chemical agent or indicators used to test various aspects of water quality.
RE-BAR: See RE-ROD.
RECIRCULALING SYSTEM: A system composed of piping, filters and pumps permr rng water to be taken from the pool, spa or hot tub, filtered and returned to the pool, spa or hot tub.
REHABILITATION: The activity of restoring all or part of a pool/spa/hot tub structure, and its component parts, into good condition, including the rebuilding and/or replacing of worn and broken parts of components.
REMOTE SWITCH: Any switching system used to activate an apparatus from a distance.
REMOVABLE: Capable of being disassembled with the use of only simple tools such as a screwdriver, pliers or wrench.
RE-ROD: Reinforcing steel rods used in concrete construction of pools and spas. Also known as re-bar.
RESIDENTIAL: For home use (intermittent operation) instead of public use (continuous operation).
RESIDUAL: Usually refers to chlorine residual, or the amount of measurable chlorine remaining after treating water with chlorine. Free residual differs frrm combined residual in that it is not combined with ammonia or other elements or compounds, and is a more effective disiniectant. See CHLORINE RESIDUAL.
RETAIL: Sale of a product directly to a consumer. A retail business often buys product from a distributor who has bought in large lots directly from the manufacturer.
RETURN PIPING: Pool or spa water piping which connects the pool or spa to the filter.
REVERSE CIRCULATION: The name given to a water circulation system in which water is taken from the surface and returned through inlets at the bottom of the structure.
ROTOR: The rotating part of an electric motor which consists of a cylinder with electro-magnets around the outside with the poles facing toward the stator poles.
RING BUOY: A ring-shaped floating buoy capable of supporting a drowning person.
ROVEL (a trademark of DOW Chemical): An impact modified polymer which is extruded into sheets (also co-extruded with ABS, a high strength, resilient thermoplastic) to produce thick sheets which can be formed/molded into spas, walk-in stairs and other products.
SALINITY: The sodium chloride or salt content of natural water supplies or in salt water.
SAND FILTER: A filter using sand or sand and gravel as a filter medium.
SATURATION INDEX: Also called Langlier Index or Water Balance Index. A numericul figure which indicates whether water will have a tendency to deposii calcium carbonate from a solution, or whether it will be potentially corrosive. Four factors are used in the computation: pH, total alkalinity, calcium hardness and temperature. If all are correctly "balanced," then the water will be neither scale-forming nor corrosive.
SCALE: The precipitate that forms on surfaces in contact with water when the calcium hardness, pH, or total alkalinity levels are too high.
SECONDARY STRUCTURAL MEMBERS: Any part of the aboveground pool structure that is not subject to load caused by water pressure.
SEPTUM: That part of the filter element consisting of cloth, wire screen or other porous material on which the filter medium or aid is deposited.
SEQUESTER: See CHELATE and SEQUESTERING AGENT.
SEQUESTERING AGENT: Synonymous with CHELATING or METAL COMPLEXATION AGENT, a sequestering agent reacts with potential stain-producing metal ions (i.e., copper, iron, etc.) to reduce staining of pool/spa surfaces and associated colored water.
SERVICE FACTOR: The degree to which an electric motor can be operated above its rated horsepower without danger of overload failure.
SHALLOW AREAS: Portions of a pool with water depths less than five feet (5')
SHELF LIFE: The length of time that a chemical, compound or reagent can be stored without its chemical composition deteriorating or undergoing some change that will make it unacceptable for use.
SHOCK TREATMENT: The practice of adding significant amounts of an oxidizing chemical to water to destroy ammonia and nitrogenous and organic contaminants in water. See also SUPER-CHLORINATION and BREAKPOINT CHLORINATION.
SHOTCRETE: See GUNITE.
SINGLE-PHASE CURRENT: Electrical alternating current flow which reaches one peak in each direction.
SKIMMER: See also SURFACE SKIMMING SYSTEM.
Thru-wall - a device installed in the wall of an inground pool or spa or aboveground pool that permits the continuous removal of floating debris and surface water to the filter.
Over-the-wall - a device installed over the wall of an aboveground pool that allows for continuous removal of debris and surface water to the filter.
Hand skimmer - a device used by hand or attached to a handle that will collect and skim leaves and other floating debris from the surface of a pool, spa or hot tub.
SKIMMER WEIR: Part of a skimmer which adjusts automatically to small changes in water level to assure a continuous flow of water to the skimmer. See WEIR.
SLIP: The difference in speed between the rotating magnetic field of the stator and the rotor. Expressed as a percent of synchronous speed or the speed of the stator field.
SLURRY FEED: Body feed for a diatomite filter introduced as a liquid slurry.
SLURRY FEEDER: A device to feed a variable amount of filter aid (generally diatomaceous earth) during the filter cycle.
SODA ASH: A white powder used to raise pH of the water where sanitizing agents work most effectively.
SODIUM BICARBONATE (also BAKING SODA): A white powder used to raise total alkalinity in water
SODIUM BISULFATE (also DRY ACID): A granule used to lower pH and/or the total alkalinity in water
SODIUM CARBOFATE: See SODA ASH.
SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE: A clear liquid form of an inorganic chlcrine compound obtainable in concentrations of 5 to 16% available chlorine.
SODIUM DICHIORO-ISO-CYANURATE: Also known as SODIUM DlCHLORO-S-TRIAZINETRIONE. An organic chlorine, grarnular in form, approximately 62% chlorine; in the dihydrate form, approximately 50% chlorine. It contaiins 58.7% stabilizer hy weight and has a pH of 6.0. See also ORGANIC CHLORINE.
SODIUM THIOSULFATE: A chemical used to destroy chlorine present in a test sample prior to the pH test in order to prevent false readings.
SOFTEN: To remove calcium and magnesium from water.
SOFT WATER: Water that has a very low calcium,and magnesium content - less than 6 grains per gallon (less than 100 parts per million).
SOLAR SYSTEM: Usually panels or coils of plastic/metal through which pool/spa/hot tub water passes to increase the temperature from the sun's radiant heat.
SPA: See also HYDROTHERAPY SPA or HOT TUB. A hydrotherapy unit of irregular or geometric shell design.
Nonpermanently Installed Spa/Hot Tub (also known as Portable/Movable) - Any such unit that is designed and constructed so that the shell and equipment are selF-contained and capable of being moved to different installation sites.
Permanently Installed Spa/Hot Tub - Any such unit that is designed and constructed in the ground, or in a building, in such a manner that it is made a permanent addition to the property.
SPA DEPTH: The greatest water depth in the spa during normal operation.
SPA FLOOR: Any spa surface which is either horizontal or inclined less than 45ø from horizontal.
SPA WALL: Spa sides, typically vertical above and covered below; any spa surface inclined less than 45ø from vertical.
SPRAY RINSE, MECHANICAL: A fixed or mechanically movable spray system which directs a stream of water against the filter surface, causing the filter aid and accumulated dirt to dislodge into the empty tank or gutter wash.
SPRINGBOARD: See DIVING BOARD
SQUIRREL CAGE ROTOR: A rotor which consrsts of a laminated steel core with aluminum bars embedded in the surface of the core, so named because of its resemblance to an actual squirrel cage.
STABILIZER: See CYANURlC ACID.
STATIC HEAD: A vertical dimension expressed as feet of head existing between two changeless points on either the suction or discharge side of the pump, with the pump datum plane consisting of one of the two points.
STATIC SUCTION HEAD: The vertical dimension between the pump datum plane and the static level of the liquid being pumped when the liquid level is above the pump datum plane, expressed in feet of head.
STATIC SUCTION LIFT: The vertical dimension between the pump datum plane andthe level of the 'liquid being pumped when the liquid is below the pump datum plane, expressed in feet of head.
STATOR: The stationary part of an electric motor containing electro-magnets around its outside with the poles of each magnet facing toward the center. The stator is surrounded by the motor frame.
STATIONARY DIVING PLATFORM: Stationary diving platforms are used for diving and are constructed or located on site. They may be natural or artificial rocks, pedestals, or other items constructed on site.
STRAINER BASKET: Device in skimmer and input side of pump used to catch large pieces of debris in pool water.
STEPS, RECESSED STEPS, LADDERS, AND RECESSED TREADS: Means of pool ingress and egress that may be used in conjunction with one another.
Steps - A riser/tread or series of risers/treads extending down from the deck and terminating at the pool, spa or hot tub wall. May be recessed so that all risers are located outside of swimming areas.
Ladders - A series of generally vertically separated treads or rungs connected by vertical rail members or independently fastened to an adjacent vertical pool wall (see LADDERS for definitions of particular ladder types). Deck Ladder - A ladder for deck access from outside the pool, spa or hot tub.
Recessed Treads - a series of vertically spaced cavities in the pool, spa or hot tub wall creating tread areas for stepholes.
STERILIZE: To kill all microorganisms by heat or chemical action
SUCTION PIPING: That piping which is referred to as influent, which conducts water from the pool or spa to the filter, and is on the suction side of the pump.
SUPERCHLORINATION: The practice of adding enough chlorinating compound to water to attain five to ten (5-10) ppm free available chlorine as measured with a test kit or by calculation. See also BREAKPOINT CHLORINATION, SHOCK TREATMENT.
SURFACE SKIMMING SYSTEM: This term encompasses perimeter-type overflows, surface skimmers, and surface water collection systems of various design and manufacture. See SKIMMER.
SWIMMING AREA: Area of pool in excess of 3 feet in depth which is devoted to swimming.
SWIMMING LOAD: Number of people using a pool at a given time.
SYNCHRONOUS SPEED: The number of revolutions per minute of the rotating magnetic field.
TAMPERPROOF: Meaning that tools are required to alter or remove portions of the equipment.
TANNIN: Or tannic acid. Organic chemical that is "leached" from redwood and cedarwood hot tubs when first new and is considered harmless.
TEE: A plumbing fitting in the shape of a "T" used to connect pipes.
TELESCOPIC POLE: A longhandled pole, designed to extend in length, to use with pool-cleaning tools.
TEST KIT: A device used to monitor specific chemical residual or demands in pool, spa or hot tub water.
TEXAS BLUE LAKE POOLS: (TBLP) (aslo refered to as BLUE LAKE) The Amarillo area construction, service and retail pool store since 1955. Members of NSPI and Master Pools. Specializing in gunite/shotcrete pools, Coleman Spas, BioGaurd and Baquacil products.
THREE PHASE CURRENT: Current flow which reaches a peak in each direction three times during one cycle.
TIME CLOCK: A mechanical device that automatically controls the periods that a pump, filter, heater, blower and other electrical devices are on.
TITRATION: A method of testing for total alkalinity, calcium and magnesium hardness in pool, spa or hot tub water.
TORQUE: A force which produces rotation about an axis. The amount of turning power exerted by a shaft. Torque is expressed in pounds of force acting at a radius of one foot, in units known as pound-feet.
TOTAL ALKALINITY: The ability or capacity of water to resist change in pH; also known as the buffering capacity of water. Measured with a test kit and expressed as ppm.
TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS: TDS A measure of the total amount of dissolved matter in water, e.g. calcium, magnesium, carbonates, bicarbonates, metallic compounds, etc.
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD: The sum of all resistances in a complete operating system. The principal factors affecting a head are vertical distances; and the "friction head," or resistance caused by friction between the fluid and pipe walls or equipment.
TOXIC: Meaning that a given substance has an adverse physiological effect on human beings or other living organisms.
TREAD CONTACT SURFACE: Foot contact surfaces of a ladder, step, stair or ramp
TRICHLORO-ISO-CYANURATE: Also known as TRICHLORO-S-TRIAZINETRIONE. A form of organic chlorine, most common in compressed form (tablets or sticks), with 90% or more available chlorine, approximately 55.5% stabilizer by weight, and with an approximate pH of 2.9. See also ORGANIC CHLORINE and SODIUM DICHLORO-ISO-CYANURATE.
TURBIDITY: Cloudy condition of water due to the presence of extremely fine particulate materials in suspension that interfere with the passage of light.
TURNOVER RATE: The period of time (usually in hours) required to circulate a volume of water equal to the pool, spa or hot tub capacity.
TWO-SPEED PUMP: A centrifugal pump that has a motor that operates at two different RPM levels.
UL APPROVED: A stringent safety certification by the Underwriters Laboratory.
ULTRA-VIOLET: Certain light rays lying just beyond the violet end of the visible spectrum.
ULTRA-VIOLET LIGHT TREATMENT: A water treatment
process utilizing shortwave ultra-violet energy of certain
wavelength and intensity to kill or deactivate unwanted
microorganisms. UV light is also used at other wavelengths and
intensity to generate ozone. See OZONE, LOW OUTPUT GENERATING
EQUlPMENT.
UNDERDRAIN: See LOWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.
UNDERWATER LIGHT: A fixture designed to illuminate a pool, spa or hot tub from beneath the water surface.
Wet Niche Light - A watertight and water-cooled light unit placed in a submerged, wet niche in the pool, spa or hot tub wall and accessible only from the pool.
Dry Niche Light - A light unit placed behind a watertight window in the pool, spa or hot tub wall.
UPPER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM: Those devices designed to distribute the water entering a permanent medium filter in a manner so as to prevent movement or migration of the filter medium. This system shall also properly collect water during filter backwashing unless other means are provided.
UPRIGHT SUPPORTS: That portion of the frame that is adjacent to the aboveground wall in a vertical position which supports the top rail and braces the wall.
VACUUM: A low pressure area created by lowering the atmospheric pressure at a given point. A vacuum is measured by inches of mercury. One inch of mercury is equivalent to 1.13 feet of head. An absolute vacuum registers 30 inches of mercury or the equivalent of 33.9 feet of head.
VACUUM FILTER: A filter, usually of diatomite type, through which water is pulled by a pump mounted on the effluent side of the filter. See also FILTER VACUUM.
VALVE: Any device in a pipe that can partially or totally obstruct the flow of water (as in a ball, gate or globe valve) or permit flow in one direction only (as in a check or foot valve).
Bleeder valve - a device that allows air to be vented from a system.
Multi-port valve - a device that allows for the multi-directional control of the passage or flow of water through a system.
Push-pull valve - a device that allows for the dual directional control or flow of water through a system.
VELOCITY: The speed at which a liquid flows between two specified points, expressed in feet per second.
VELOCITY HEAD: Velocity head is the equivalent distance a liquid must fall to attain a given velocity. It is the amount of energy, expressed as feet of head, required to accelerate the liquid to any given velocity.
VENTURI: The action of mixing water and air to create a simulating bubbling effect. The "venturi effect" means the intake of air into liquid in a closed-pipe system when the liquid passes beneath an air opening in the constricted pipe.
VENTURI JET: See HYDROJET.
VENTURI TUBE: A tube mounted in a water line so as to cause restriction of flow. The constriction causes a change in velocity of water through the tube, resulting in a pressure diflerential which is proportional to the flow rate.
VERTICAL: A line or surface running perpendicular to the plane of the horizon - a true plumb line.
VINYL LINER: That membrane that acts as a container for the water.
Expandable Liner - A liner that is constructed of a material that has the capability of stretching into a greater depth or irregular shape other than the original construction dimensions.
Hopper Liner - The liner that is used to obtain greater depth by geometrical pattern construction on the liner bottom or floor to fit a predetermined size and shape.
VOIDS: Spaces in or between particles or fibers of a filtering medium. These spaces determine the permeability and the dirt-holding capacity of the filter.
VOLCANIC ASH: A fine, white, porous powder similar to diatomite but lighter in weight. Used as a filter medium or filter aid in diatomite-type filters.
VOLTAGE, VOLTS: The measure of electrical potential or electromotive force in units called volts.
WALL: That structure that supports the aboveground liner.
WALL CLOSURE: The fastening device(s) that connect the aboveground wall ends together.
WALLS: The interior pool wall surfaces consisting of surfaces from the plumb to a 45ø slope.
WASTE WATER DISPOSAL SYSTEM: All water disposal systems approved by (state or local authority), such as a storm sewer, sanitary sewer, open pit, leach field, or irrigation system.
WATERLINE: The waterline shall be defined in one of the following ways
Skimmer System - The waterline shall be at the midpoint of the operating range of the skimmers.
Overflow System - The waterline shall be at the top of the overflow rim.
WATT: The measure of electrical power computed by multiplying voltage times current (volts x amperes). Equal to 1/746 of one horsepower unit.
WET NICHE: A watertight and water cooled unit submerged and placed in a niche in a pool or spa wall.
WEIR: The device included with a through-the-wall and over-the-wall skimmer that controls the amount of surface water (flow) drawn into the skimmer and filtration system. See SKIMMER WEIR.
WHOLESALE: The sale of products by distributors to retailers.
WINTERIZING: The procedure of preparing pools, spas and hot tubs for freezmg weather. Includes chemical treatment of the standing water, plus physical and chemical protection of the pool or spa and its equipment against iiee.zing (draining, etc.).
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Lake Pools, Inc.
Last Update - 06/07/00